Understanding Rectal Surgeries
Most people don’t give a lot of thought to the bowels. However, this essential bodily system is critical for moving waste out of the body. When running smoothly, the bowels go unnoticed. Yet, a variety of rectal conditions, from cancer to prolapse and even polyps, can be reason for alarm. Knowing the different types of surgeries and the conditions targeted with each operation can help individuals understand what treatments are available.

Rectal prolapse surgery
Rectal prolapse surgery is indicated when the rectal tissue protrudes outside of the body. The operation aims to return the exposed part of the large intestines back into the body. The procedure can either be performed through the abdomen or anus. Recovery usually takes a total of 4-6 weeks. Most people will achieve relief after surgery, but some individuals may struggle with constipation.
Colorectal surgery
Colorectal surgery can be used for a variety of conditions since the procedure refers to any kind of operation that takes place in the colon or rectal area of the body. So, a surgeon may operate on the small or large intestines, anus, rectum, or pelvic floor. Common conditions that might require colorectal surgery for correction include hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, and even certain cancers. Likewise, the surgery can either be performed abdominally or rectally through the anus.
Polypectomy
A polypectomy is a specific form of rectal surgery designed to remove polyps. The procedure is usually recommended for people diagnosed with early-stage cancers where the prognosis is promising if localized cancerous polyps are removed promptly. Usually, the cancerous tissues can be removed during a colonoscopy, and as such, the procedure is considered minimally invasive.
Transanal surgeries
Another option for early-stage rectal cancer is two forms of transanal surgery. A transanal excision (TAE) relies on instruments being fed through the rectum or anus to remove cancerous tissues. Because no major external incisions are made, patients are usually only given local anesthesia and are awake during the procedure. Alternatively, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is also used for early-stage cancers but is generally reserved for removing cancerous tissue that is too high to be reached by TAE or polypectomies.
Colectomy
Also known as colon resection surgery, a colectomy removes part or all of a person's colon. While cancer is one reason for the procedure to be performed, other diseases that impact the bowels may also be underlying causes. For example, conditions like Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, and even uncontrolled intestinal bleeding may all be improved with a colectomy.
Colostomy
A colostomy is a surgery that can create a temporary or permanent bypass for waste to exit the body. Sometimes, the procedure is performed after surgery, usually in the rectal region, as a way of temporarily shunting waste. However, some people may need a permanent colostomy, such as individuals with congenital disabilities or people with extensive damage throughout the colon or bowels.
Know the options
A wide array of rectal surgery options exist, and the right choice will depend on any underlying conditions a person faces and which procedure offers the best possible outcomes. From treating cancer to removing blockages, rectal surgeries are designed to improve a person's quality of life and overall health.